毕业,课程设计,html

HTML Tutorial - Preface
Html is one of the easiest languages to learn. This tutorial will explain how to write Html webpages, what Html is, and how to program in Html. Html stands for HyperText Markup Laguage.The only use for Html is for writing web pages. A web page is really a program, only a very simple one. What is easy about HTML is that: 1. There is no compiling, and 2. It is simple coding only. There are no functions, loops. "Bugs" are almost impossible to make and easy to fix.

To use Html, you can of course use an Html wizard program which would defeat the whole purpose of this tutorial, or you can use a simple text editor, save the text as an .htm file (or .html for a Macintosh), and view it with your browser, such as Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer. This tutorial is being written in ordinary Notepad, so you don't need anything special.

If you do not already have a web browser, you can download: Netscape at www.netscape.com

MSIE at www.microsoft.com
HTML Tutorial - Chapter 1 Tags, and the Skeleton Layout
Before anything, HTML is written in tags. Tags are like the command words that make up the language. A tag is written like this: . An example tag would be , , , <hr> and others. The entire code is made up mostly of tags, tags tell the web page what to do. Sometimes a tag starts something, like for instance <bold> will make all the text after it turn bold. Or <title> will make anything after it become the title. But in some instances, like section tags, you will need to end a tag. For example, say you use a <bold> tag before a text. That's all fine and well, but everything after the bold tag will become bold. The entire page. You may only want to make one world bold. Therefor you must "end" a tag which will stop it's actions. To stop a tag you use this format: <\tag> For example: <bold>This is bold!</bold> This isn't! You'll learn more about other tags in the chapters to come. One good thing about HTML is that it always follows one layout. The following layout is an entire Html web page: <html><head><title>This is the Title!

Welcome to my Web-Page!

This is the basic code, called a skeleton layout. You should always start your Html code in that way. Now lets explain some of the tags. The tags you saw in the example are used only once usually. Here is just an explanation of the layout tags. Each tag in the skeleton layout starts or ends a section. A section in Html declares when a certain part of the Html code is beginning.

- Starts the Html section. (Begins the page)

- Starts the Header section.

This is the Title! - Starts (and ends) the title section.

- Starts the Body section. (Main part of page)

- Ends the Body section.

- Ends the page.
The Html section contains the entire code. The Header section contains the Title section, and some other stuff. The title section contains the text that goes in the title bar at the top of the browser window, like "'Welcome to My Page!' -Netscape." The body section is the main part of the page that contains all the text that appears in the page. HTML Tutorial - Chapter 2 Body Attributes
The Body tag has more to it than just . The tag also controls the color of the page text, the background of the page, and others. An attribute to any tag (in this instance, it will be the tag) is an extra keyword that can be set inside the tag that allows for certain things to be set.

To set a body attribute, like the background of the page, you simply include the option in the tag and what it is set to.
Example:

vlink="white">
There are a few body attributes that you will learn for now. Background, text, link, and active link.

The Background is controlled with either BGCOLOR="color" or

BACKGROUND="http://www.examplesite.com/background.gif"
If the Background you want is a solid color, like black, blue, white, red, etc, you use the BGCOLOR option. BGCOLOR accepts BGCOLOR="blue" (a color name), or BGCOLOR="Hexadecimal number."
A Hex number can do more variant colors, such as gold, turquoise, navy blue, and most other colors, while just typing a color name like blue or white is limited to simple colors. A few simple colors are blue, white, black, green, yellow, orange.... Mostly first, secondary, and tertiary colors. The BACKGROUND option is for if you want to use a picture as a background. You must use the URL of the picture, like:

Graphics in any web page must be in either GIF (.gif) or JPEG (.jpg) format. The next option is text. Text is the color of all normal text in the page. It follows this format: text="color" or text="hexnumber." This follows the same routine as in

Background; a color name will accept simple colors, a hex number can do more exotic colors.

The next option is link. This is the color of all links on the page. It's format is the same as the text option.

The next is alink. This is the color of a link that is being clicked on. For example, if

there is a link to www.microsoft.com and you click on it, until you let go, that link

will turn to the alink color. It follows the same format as the text option.

The last option you will learn is vlink. Vlink sets the color of all links that have been visited in the past. It follows the same format as the text option.

NOTE: If you leave out an option in the Body tag, it will be set to a default color. HTML Tutorial - Chapter 3 Text Tags
Now that you've learned body options, you can now learn how to add text to the body section, and how to make it look FuNkY! Before, you learned a little about tags and how they work. Tags are important to text because they can change the way text looks, and acts. Lets take a look at an example to learn a few basic tags.

Text Example

This is my first, ordinary paragraph.

This is my second, bold paragraph.

This is my third, italics paragraph.

This is my fourth, underlined paragraph.

This is my fifth, BlInKiNg paragraph.

This is my last, centered paragraph.

The

tag stands for paragraph. It starts text on a new line. Without

, all the text would be in one line and wrapped around, and it would look pretty messed up.

In the second paragraph, there was a (or for full) tag. Bold makes all text inside of it become bolder. As you learned before, some tags need to be ended. This is one of them. If you didn't end a bold tag, everything after the would be bold, even text that you didn't want to be bold. To end a tag (stop what a tag is going, use this format: . Thus, to end a bold tag, you use (or for short, ).

stands for Italics. Anything after and before will become italic, or slanted.

stands for underlined. Anything after and before is underlined.

sets the alignment for text. You could also center text by using
align="center">Centered Text
, but is a lot easier. Center makes text

go in the center of the screen.

You can also use:
This sets alignment to the left.

This sets alignment to the right of the screen.

NOTE: If you use
option, like to set alignment, in order to stop it's effect you must end it, by using
.

makes text blink repeatedly. Be careful not to overdo the blink tag, as it can tend to get very annoying. Here are a few more text tags with brief explanations. You can experiment with

them:

- Teletype - Predefined. HTML usually ignores extra spaces which can be bad for documents which depend on independent formatting. - Makes text generally big. - Hm... - Strikethrough, makes a horizontal line through the center of the selection. - Superscript. - Controls font, and can also make text bigger than possible with just . I.e. or color="#hexcol">. means the actual font, like Courier. It is also possible to combine tags on text. For example: This is slanted, bold, and underlined! Now you will learn how to change the size of text. It follows the same format of or ; Modified text, and they too can be combined with or whatever as a combination: Text Sizes This is HUGE! This is big. This is a little large. This is normal. This is quite small. This is TINY. To modify text size, as you saw, the tag is Text or or what have you, so that you could get a huge, bold, italic, and underlined text. A few tags don't modify text, but they do put something into the body, such as a line. To put a line, which can nicely seperate a section on your page, like if you had a table of contents and a story paragraph. To put in a line, use anywhere you want. Example: A line! Section1 (Seperated) Section 2 HTML Tutorial - Chapter 4 Images No page is a page without images, or graphics, Images give an entire light to a web page, not to mention setting the atmosphere for the page. Images are quite simple. Any image must be in either JPEG or GIF format. To put an image in a page, here is an example: Graphics! This page has graphics! A few rules of images: #1. When linking to ANY URL (such as www.lalasite.com/puppy.gif), you must ALWAYS have http:// unless the picture is in your web site server. If it is a local picture, (in your server account), the link can just be puppy.gif or kitty.jpg. #2. The general primary formats for web graphics are GIF and JPG. Some browsers (like IE) might support things like BMP, and newer browsers have limited support for the PNG format, but to be sure, it's a safe bet to use GIF or JPG image files. #3. Pictures can be formatted in a few ways. Two text tags can format a picture, and . If you want to start a picture on a new line, or center it, you can use or to do so. tag has a few options to change the size of a picture, if you wanted to make a thumbnail sized preview of a picture for example. The format is height="pixelnumber" width="pixelnumber>. #4. Pictures must be uploaded onto a server. Just because a picture is on your computer doesn't mean that everyone can see it. It has to be on a webserver, otherwise only you will be able to see it. HTML Tutorial - Chapter 5 Linking Pages If you want to have multiple pages, or want to link to a favorite site of yours, you must place a link in your page. A link is easy to do: Click here to go! Anything between the tag and the tag becomes a link. When you click on a link, it takes you to the page. Here are some examples: Yahoo! My Hobbies! The following will not work: Yahoo? The same goes for linking pictures in chapter 4 You can make pictures link to sites as well: Some browsers automatically place a border around images that are links. To disable this, put border=0 in the tag. HTML Tutorial - Chapter 6 Tables Tables are effective in making graphical or text presentations look sharp. It can nicely organize a list of data. They form boxes around whatever you want and can split into smaller sections, called cells. To start a table you begin with a tag, . declares a few things about the table. The things are defined by using them as options in the tag. For example, In a table a cell is a square in the table that contains html code that is confined to that small square. NOTE: The cell size is determined by whats in it. If you have "Hi!" the cell will be small. If you have the entire Constitution, it will be a tad bit longer. Width declares how many cells wide the table is. Height declares how many cells tall the table is. Cellspacing is how much space is between cells, and cell padding is how thick the spacing is. Border is how wide the border is. Border=0 means no border. Now you must make the cells. It's very easy. To start cells on a new row, you use the tag. To make a cell, use the . After a cell is done, you must Rows/Cells should go with the height and width. Example: Tables! tag. After a row is done, you must Cell1 Cell2 Cell3> Cell4 HTML Tutorial - Chapter 7 Forms and Buttons Interactivity depends on... well... being able to interact and input. Enter forms and buttons. Forms and buttons allow you to put questionaires on your page, find out whose using it, and if you get really good and learn cgi, run programs on your page. For now we'll do the basics because anything advanced would involve CGI – a totally different programming language requiring another tutorial... You don't want to get into that right now. The initial tag is . has somoe attributes that define what the form does. There are 2 attributes you will learn now. Action, and Method. To define an attribute, like any other tag, you use .Action is the address of what the form does. Mainly it is used for cgi, but there is another use for forms, and that is email comments. A form action can be sent to a mailto address just like in . So action="mailto:pstein@nettaxi.com"> would send form information to that email. Method is whether the form is getting information or posting it. Get is only for CGI really, so all you need to put now is post. Before the , you must use the tag to put in the actual form data that needs to be filled out. There are several kinds of form inputs. Form uses attributes to. Here is a list of the initial ones. There will be an example for each one to follow. Each one has it's own sub attributes. Just follow the examples. All form types have name attribute. Any information is listed under that name, and CGI can depend on it. Just set it to whatever job it fits, like "Name", "Address","FavFood." Text - Normal one line text input Size is how many charachters the box is. Max is how many charachters the box can scroll horizontally, even past size. Value is the default text. It can be omitted if desired. Password - Exactly identical to Text, only any input is shown as **** to the user. Textarea - Large text box input, can be used for comment forms. Cols are how many columns of text the box can have. Rows are how many rows of text the box can have Submit - Sends form to action Submit makes a button with the value that, when clicked, will activate the form and do whatever is defined in Reset - Clears all data Same as submit, only it will clear all inside the tag. Radio - Makes a list of radio buttons in which only 1 can be used, for multiple choice questions. Female To define a "set" of radio buttons, i.e. in which inputs can only 1 be selected, give them all the same name, just different values. Checkbox - Makes a checkbox with a yes/no question Hidden - Delivers predefined text without asking the user. The hidden option is usually only used with CGI. HTML Tutorial - Chapter 8 E-Mailing It is possible to make a link that allows people to e-mail you or someone else directly from your webpage, assuming they have a compatible web browser. It would be rare for any browser to not support e-mailing. You probably have Netscape or MSIE, but even text based web browsers (Lynx) support mailing. Mailing (in its simple form, you'll learn how to add form e-mailing later) is a link tag. If you remember, a link tag follows this format: Click here!. An e-mail link tag is slightly different. It follows this format: Click here to e-mail me! For example, Pete's E-mail Like it's said in Chapter 5, an image can also be a link to an e-mail address, example: If someone clicks on the link, it will open their mail program to send you comments! HTML Tutorial - Chapter 9 Frames Frames are features of html that create mini sections inside a browser. These frames are relatively like individual windows inside the main browser window. Frames are used to divide-off a section of the page to be used for a menu bar, or an advertisement, or anything. In order to start a set of frames, you need to use the frameset tag: Some options will be used in frameset to define how wide the frames are and how tall they are, not to mention how many of them there are. Later on when you want to end this tag, you will use the end frameset tag: One last note: The placement of the form tags go before the tag. After the frameset tag is finished, anything else in the body is displayed to browsers that do not support frames. Lets start with an example: My Page Your browser is way to old! Get a new one! The frameset format goes as follow: It has 2 possible attributes. rows, and columns. This sets how many rows and columns there are for frames. The two attributes can be set according to this format: rows="number, number/*" and columns="number, number/*". They can both be used in the same frameset. Each can have as many numbers as you want. For example, setting rows="10,10,10,10,*" would make 4 very small rows, and then one large row. * stands for 'what ever is left.' So making columns="50,10,*" would make one large column, one small column, and one huge column. Note: You should not use rows and columns in the same frameset. It gets confusing. If you get good, try experimenting with embedding a second frameset inside another so that you can have rows and columns. After frameset, the frames are defined in order. In the example, there are 2 columns defined, one column is small at 20%, and the other (remember * is whatever is left) is 80% because of course, 100% - 20% = 80%. The frames themselves are defined in order, so the first will be the small column, and the second will be the large one. The frame tag is used to declare a frame and special options for the frame, like how to make it so that there are no bars, or maybe make it so that it can't be resized. Frame attributes/options: src - This is the html page of the frame you want to put in. for example. name - This is a keyword used to define a frame. Say you had a menu frame and wanted it so that whenever you click a link on the menu, it opens the page you want in the main frame (the large one, if you make a large one), instead of the menu. You simply put target="framename" in the tag, and its that simple. for example. noresize - Sets it so that the frames boder lines cannot be changed. for example. scrolling - Can the frame have scrolling? Sometimes you want scrolling off if Netscape automatically scrolls a title bar or something that you want to stay still. for example. Auto would mean that the browser would use its best judgement to decide whether the frame needed scrolling. border - How wide should the lines forming the frames be? Making invisible lines makes the page look nice because it looks like the page is solid, but you can make nice use of a menu system, and also you can have 2 different backgrounds next to each other. marginwidth - How wide the frames margin is. marginheight - How tall the frames margin is. for example. After the tags are done, thats it. Use the tag to finish off the frame syntax. Anything put in the body tag after a frameset will be considered old browser text. For example, if someone enters your page with Lynx (a Unix/Linux text web browser), or Netscape 1.0 (a very old version of Netscape without frame support) then all they'd see is a blank page. But by putting something like: "This page uses frames, please get a new browser." They will be able to read that and know that your page isn't empty, it just uses frames that they can't access. You could even put a text version of your main page, so that everyone could access your site regardless of browser (an ideal thing to do).